Understanding Minute of Angle (MOA)

If you have a vernier rear sight on your No4Mk1* each click is approximately one MOA. If your No4Mk1 has the sliding ladder (Mk 3 or Mk 4), adjusted in 100 yard increments, or the 300/600 yard 'flip sight' (Mk 2), swap it for the Singer vernier sight immediately. The No 5 (Jungle Carbine) sight is in 2/3 MOA increments. This offers more precise adjustment than the No 4 Singer sight.

MOA is popular because 1 MOA is approximately one inch at 100 yards, a traditional distance on imperial rifle ranges. Note the CF shoots on metric ranges but your sights are calibrated in yards. A shooter can easily re-adjust their rifle sight by measuring the distance in inches the bullet hole is from the desired impact point, and adjust the sight that many MOA in the same direction. More to come on this subject - I think it deserves more attention. In the meantime enjoy the video.

RC

Strengths or Weaknesses - What should we focus on?

A few years ago I attended a Royal Roads University seminar on subjects such as ‘Exploring Within’ and ‘Leading the Way’. Very reflective subject matter that gave one pause to consider what had just been heard. I’m going to transcribe some of my thoughts on what I heard for you (mainly descriptions from my notes) because I think a lot of this stuff is applicable to anyone that is interested in leadership.

It seems to me that most human beings are fixated by fault and failure. Certainly throughout my entire education and throughout my career I have been encouraged to identify and correct areas of weakness before I had any chance of being successful. I now believe that there are sometimes choices to be made where this model has no bearing what-so-ever and may very well be an inherent flaw in logic.

I believe that sometimes there needs to be a shift of focus, or a decision, that allows us to pursue success by concentrating on what we’re strong in; not what we’re weak in. I think this can be said of individuals and I believe this can be said of clubs or organizations. To me this just starts to make sense.

Two poorly considered assumptions we make about people:
1. People can learn to be proficient in almost anything;
2. A person’s greatest opportunity for growth is through concentrating on their areas of weakness;

Many employers maintain an employee performance review, and in these reviews, your supervisor works with you to identify ‘areas of opportunity’ or ‘skill gaps’ (aka nice way of saying “Weakness”) that you need to bring up to a more acceptable level. It’s a management tool to minimize weaknesses in the organization and then you are possibly sent off to a remedial course or workshop. Is this development or is this damage control?

If this is your modus operandi then I suggest you, or your organization, will never be able to capitalize on your subordinates strengths.

A new way of looking at this dilemma:
1. A person’s talents are unique;
2. A person’s greatest opportunity for growth is through their strengths;

We don’t ignore weakness but we maximize strength. The people that wake up in the morning and look forward to their day at work are called “The Blessed Ones”. These people have been able to identify in themselves some recurring patterns of behaviour then developed them into productive strengths.

Attributes of Strengths?

• Must be able to consistently demonstrate it successfully time and time again;
• Must derive satisfaction from the activity

Capitalizing your strengths and managing around your weaknesses is a lot easier to say than it is in practice. I’m still struggling with this however I have been able to demonstrate this numerous times at work by negotiating jobs that I find interesting and that I am good at into my work portfolio. This work is showing dividends for me and is starting to open doors that would otherwise be closed. Additionally I am building competencies that can be demonstrated should other jobs that I consider more aligned to my interest become available.

I’m only touching the tip of the ice berg on this subject because this medium is a blog. Needless to say strengths are constructed, developed and polished out of specific raw material. Sometimes you don’t know that you have these skills until you step outside of your comfort zone and accomplish things you never knew you were capable of accomplishing. If you are surprised by a feeling of satisfaction, elation and sense of accomplishment then you really need to pay attention to it. You may have just tripped over a strength that has been buried inside of you that just needed an outlet.

Survival Enthusiasts – Dooms Day Flagellants or Students of Cause and Effect?

I’m a fairly tolerant person but I must admit that I get bored easily. I always want to learn something new and then demonstrate it to myself; that is how I learn and retain. Acquiring survival skills isn’t something you can learn from reading books, watching television shows or hearing stories around the campfire. You gain proficiency by testing yourself through the art of practice.

I look at the development of my skill base as a ‘Survival Practice’ just like a physician has a ‘Medical Practice’ or a Professional Forester has a ‘Practice in Resource Management’. A ‘practice’ is not something that can be taken away from you. If they can take away your ‘practice’ then it was never yours to begin with.

I have a practice in survival that seems to shift emphasis from time to time as new knowledge, experience and technology influences how I prepare and conduct myself in the bush.

Some folks want to be able to walk into the wilderness with nothing but the clothes on their back and a pocket knife to subsist with. While I appreciate the skill required to do this my practice focuses on different priorities because I go through the rigour of ensuring I have certain tools available to me. When it comes to specific equipment I have a very simple philosophy “It is better to have it and not need it, than it is to need it and not have it.” I borrow that from Les Stroud (Survivorman) whom inspires me to get better at my survival practice whenever I see him on television.


Terrace floods 2007

So what is it that encourages us to develop this survival mentality and hone this interesting practice? Well, for some it is necessity (a way of life) but for most of us we live in towns with infrastructure, shopping malls, drug stores, hospitals, physicians, nurses, grocery outlets, WALMART and Kentucky Fried Chicken.

I can’t speak for all of you but here is my motivation for developing my survival practice:

1. I do not feel comfortable basing my family’s entire survival needs on the corporate system of food distribution and infrastructure because these things can be taken away in a heartbeat;
2. I feel a strong spiritual connection to nature and the bounty that it has to offer. I have played and worked in it all of my life and it is a part of who I am;
3. It is a passion for me with emotional linkages and this skill set has helped me to enjoy the splendour of remote wilderness locations without worry;
4. There is great personal satisfaction in being self-sufficient and self-sustaining;

There are many people that are completely and totally dependent on the industrial establishment to provide them with life’s necessities. Many of these people are located in metropolitan centres and this has to be expected. However this does not mean that they do not have a ‘survival practice’.

Right now across this globe there are people wondering what they would do if in the same situation as the people of Japan in that horrible 8.9 subduction earthquake. Your practice should enable you to project what your most likely challenges are going to be and then develop a strategy and plan to ensure you are equipped to over-come them. What will you do when people have finished raiding grocery stores of product and clean drinking water is now a black market commodity?

For some of you, referring to the previous statement, I have now crossed the line from being a Survivalist to a Dooms Day Preacher.

I’m not apocalyptic about survival but I do take the time to reflect on the things I need to pay attention to as they apply to my surroundings in the wild. I do this as a Canadian Ranger on exercise, a Ministry Official with the BC Forest Service driving down a busy logging road or as a Professional Facilitator working with large groups of people in downtown Vancouver. Always evaluate hazards and identify ways of mitigating an impact.

I believe that establishing a ‘survival practice or mentality’ is on-par with the importance of educating young people in math, grammar, or history. How many people die every year simply because they have not developed a system of ascertaining or appreciating hazards and the potential risk posed to their safety? We’ve all heard numerous stories of easily avoidable incidents and accidents.



Where is Momma bear?

 The “WHAT IF” askers have the imaginative ability to foresee particular outcomes to a situation based on the best info available then visualizes and prepares a course of action to overcome ahead of the event. This is the survival mentality in a nutshell and for many people a good life philosophy to live by.

Perhaps one day survival practitioners will be accepted as a mainstream phenomenon and not viewed by so many as an apocalyptic fringe element of society waiting for the next earthquake to occur.

Whether you live in a concrete metropolitan jungle or a wilderness reality the method is the same.

Survival – is simply that.
Stay Alert out there and pay attention to the indicators.
Vigilans

Evaluating Headspace - The Lee Enfield Rifle

I've been wanting to write an article on headspace for some time now however I recently found an easy to understand article written by Parashooter on  http://parallaxscurioandrelicfirearmsforums.yuku.com/

Instead of re-creating the wheel I'd like to share Parashooter's words with you here. Hopefully this answers a few questions and raises a few more.

I've included a few of my words at the end of Parashooter's article.
RC
---------------------------------------------------------
Several generations of American shooters have been convinced by bad information that something mysterious and scary called "headspace" should be checked and re-checked on almost any surplus rifle, especially Lee-Enfields. The truth is less interesting but still worth knowing.

Stripped to its essentials, with a rimmed cartridge like the .303, headspace is simply the distance between the front of the bolt and the back of the barrel. It's the space where the "head" (rim) of the cartridge fits when the rifle is loaded.

Since there has to be some room to allow for varying rim thickness, the headspace is normally a bit more than necessary - giving what I call "head clearance", a little extra space so the bolt can close easily, even on the thickest rim allowed.


In addition, Lee-Enfields and their ammo were often made with a fair amount of space for dirt, mud, snow and other battlefield debris between the chamber and the cartridge's body and shoulder ("Body/shoulder clearance"). Since the cartridge is controlled by its rim, this clearance doesn't do any harm (except to handloaders who insist on full-length sizing).

When a full-power .303 cartridge is fired, a whole string of events occurs.
Click the animation below

1. The firing pin shoves the case forward, rim against the breech.

2. The primer detonates. If it's not heavily crimped in place, it backs out, shoving the bolt and barrel as far apart as it can.

3. The thin, forward part of the case expands to fill and grip the chamber while the bullet moves out of the case and down the barrel.

4. The solid case head can't expand and grip the chamber, so it moves rearward, re-seating the primer, stretching the case walls just forward of the head, and stopping when it hits the bolt face. (In rear-locking actions like the Lee, the bolt and receiver also compress/stretch to add a little more movement. The higher the pressure, the more they move.)

5. If (and only if) the amount of head movement exceeds the elastic limits of the case, the cartridge separates into two pieces.

New cartridge cases can normally stretch a lot before breaking. Even with a minimum rim .054" thick and maximum "field" headspace of .074", the resultant .020" head clearance is well within the limits of new brass and it's very unlikely a new case will separate even if the headspace is somewhat more than the field maximum (which is pretty rare).

OK, but if one does separate I'm in deep trouble, right? Not really. It seems the short "cup" left behind the break is pretty good at keeping most of the gas where it belongs. Here's a demonstration -

First I took a case that had been reloaded with heavy loads enough times so it was stretched near breaking.

I loaded it with a 180-grain bullet and 40 grains of 4895 - a reasonably stiff charge about 2 grains under "maximum" - and fired it in a much-abused Savage No.4 with a clean sheet of typing paper wrapped around the receiver.

When I opened the bolt, the separated head extracted. (The front piece of the case fell out when I happened to turn the rifle muzzle-up while removing the paper.)
 

The sooty paper shows where some gas escaped. No rips or holes, just a little soot - and only where the bolt meets the barrel. Had I been shooting from the shoulder and wearing glasses, I probably wouldn't have noticed the leak at all.

The point of all this is that excess headspace, even a bit beyond normal limits, isn't the terrible danger we've heard so much about. It's not a good thing for consistent ignition or long case life (although handloaders who neck-size or adjust F.L. dies carefully can control this) - but it's not a disaster waiting to happen.

Unless you're consistently getting broken cases when firing new ammo or brass, there's not much reason to be worried about headspace in these sturdy old Lee-Enfields. Relax and enjoy!
---------------------------------------------
Editted to add:
It is unacceptable if you are experiencing case head separations with your lee enfield. Advise your section commander immediately (even if this has only happened once). The rifle needs to be checked out. If you are shooting WW2 / Korea vintage MkVII ammunition be aware that older brass can be a little bit more brittle. If you know that you have long headspace reconsider shooting this ammo  - especially if the ammo looks tarnished or has signs of oxidation (stay with the newer Mk8Z ammo).

I have utilized head space guages to assess the chamber specs of many Ranger service rifles now. Perhaps I have even checked your rifle. Bolts should NOT close on a field guage. This is an automatic fail and an indicator of excessive headspace. If your rifle closes on a milspec field guage +.074" then have the rifle returned to headquarters. It likely just needs one or two bolt head sizes increased but it is best to have the rifle returned to HQ.

Additionally if the bolt will not close on a 'Go-Guage' your chamber may be a little to tight (or short). This is normally an issue with semi-automatic rifles (and floating firing pins) as it may result in what is known as a 'Slam-Fire'. Under normal circumstances this may not necessarily be a problem with a Lee Enfield but if you start including moisture or other types of debris in the chamber area you may experience an issue with effective bolt cycling. This could pose a safety issue if the rifle is discharged with the bolt only partially closed. Enfields were designed to be a bit on the loose side.

You use the weapon more than anyone else so pay attention to the indicators. Examine your brass occaisonally and look for any abnormalities. Look for chamber bulges, gouges, fire cracks in the case head area, split necks or other irregularities. Pierced primers could indicate a very short chamber or a firing pin issue. Flattened or cratered primers are indicators of high pressure. Know the indicators of headspace and chamber pressure and report any information that give you cause for concern. After all, these rifle platforms are 70+ years old and some of them may have surpassed it's designed life expectancy. Be safe...

Riflechair

The Learning Ranger - The High Performing Patrol

When I was in high school, learning was regarded as a “phase” you went through. The concept was that one literally got through university or college and then was rewarded with a pass into real life. A lot of people in my generation received a distaste for learning as it more or less represented an endurance run that eventually led to graduation.

“Thank goodness that’s over.”

“I’m glad I never have to go back down that road.”

The institutionalized ‘student farming’ that is our educational system has, in my opinion, been deleterious to us all in how we view learning. As I age I have come to realize that learning is a lifelong experience. I’m convinced that we are all in a mode of continuous learning throughout all phases of our existence.  Unfortunately there are still people who believe they have done their time learning and there is nothing else for them to learn. DP 1  and DP 2 are not the end-all - be-all of your Ranger training – it is but the beginning.

For a lot of us lifelong learning takes place in a workplace culture, not in a workplace policy or program. I think Rangers must contribute to that culture. If you’re not learning something new (even if it is a small thing) with every Ranger meeting then I argue that the established leadership is not placing emphasis on improving the Patrol’s knowledge resource. If you’re not learning anything then you’re probably not an engaged Ranger or part of a high performing Patrol. So let’s look at one aspect of what a high performing Ranger Patrol might look like...  

For your Consideration

Shared Purpose and Direction

All Rangers in the Patrol are committed to the team's purpose. Rangers know exactly what that purpose is because the leaders keep them focused by constantly communicating that purpose in team meetings and regular updates. Leaders help each Ranger meet their own needs while serving the overall purpose of the Patrol.

Motivating Goals

Leaders ensure that everyone on the Patrol has clearly defined goals and targets. Strategic goals and objectives are mostly determined by Group and Detachment Commanders. Patrol leaders make sure that these objectives are clearly defined to Rangers as Operational Goals. Ultimately Rangers understand how their jobs support the achievement of strategic goals. The annual Patrol Commander Working Group meeting is a great opportunity to develop goals and action plans that spell out how your Patrol will contribute to the success of the Ranger organization.

Commitment to Individual Ranger and Patrol Roles

Rangers have clearly defined expectations and they also understand how each of their roles is linked to every other role. Leaders ensure that Rangers are trained in all core positions and disciplines so that everyone can back each other up when needed. Leaders make sure that their Rangers have a SOP or process that allow them to function as a team even if all of the established leadership is absent.

Multi-Directional Communication

On the best teams, team members solve problems, communicate with each other, and keep the leaders updated on challenges or emerging issues. On low-performing teams, communication is one-way - from team leader to team members.

Authority to Decide or Act

Rangers have to earn this authority by demonstrating that they understand the team's purpose, processes and priorities. Leaders push authority for the Patrol’s or Section's outcomes to the Rangers by empowering them. Rangers know how and when to get approval for decisions and, in the best of cases, are charged with making on-the-spot decisions when appropriate. On low-performing teams, team members have to constantly get approval before taking action, significantly reducing their effectiveness and negatively affecting their sense of engagement in the Patrol. Micro Managers take note...

Reliance on Diverse Talents

Savvy NCO’s pay attention to helping Rangers understand their unique strengths, talents, and weaknesses. No individual Ranger can be good at everything. Leaders assist Rangers to develop an appreciation for individual styles, natural gifts, and personal experience. The Patrol is encouraged to accept and appreciate rather than criticize or judge. Leaders consciously promote and recognize Rangers who bring complementary skill sets, unique experience, and diverse perspectives.

Mutual Support and Trust

The seventh characteristic may be the most important, and frankly, is probably the most elusive. The NCO can't force a Patrol to be supportive and trusting--it's a natural result of shared responsibility, shared success, and mutual respect. The high-performing Ranger Patrol achieves mutual support and trust because they have a history of working together to achieve grand dreams and results. They have met challenges, overcome obstacles, backed each other up in good times and bad. These Rangers have earned each other's trust.

I believe 85% of this should be achieved through regularly scheduled meetings and training. Don't rely on the limitations of two Field Training Exercises (FTX) per year to establish your skill base when it only represents 15% of the training year. Every meeting should have a training exercise associated with it so that your fellow Rangers can see you demonstrating your skills. This builds confidence and this builds trust.

If you were a Patrol Commander or a Section Commander how would you apply these seven basic characteristics? Unless a learning culture is created it is unlikely all of the above will be successfully achievable.

Shake Rattle and Roll

Originally I started writing this blog as an avenue to record the lesson plans I have festering in my cerebral cortex into a form more accessible to others. However as of late I’ve been asking more questions than providing answers which, for me, is a healthy place to be because I find that asking questions keeps me interested and engaged. Some of the themes that I would enjoy clarification on are very high level, or strategic in nature, and appear beyond my immediate application as a Ranger however I find it difficult to be aligned with the organization unless I understand my role within it. Thus it is important to ask questions and find the people that can provide you with a clear answer.
 

As a facilitator I have coordinated and led numerous sessions for government and industry. The key to success in every one of these facilitated sessions was to create an innovative environment where the participants could brain storm priorities, identify possibilities, flesh out some solutions and explore relationships.
 

How do you create an atmosphere of innovation? We all know ‘what’ we do and some of us even know ‘how’ we do it but very few of us know ‘why’ we are doing it. My facilitation work is designed to identify ‘Why’ you are doing something before exploring the ‘How’ and ‘What’ aspects of the work.
 

People don’t care what you do, they care about why you do it
 

What you do defines that which you believe
 

I see this as being one of the fundamental differences between being a leader and leading. People that believe what you believe will sweat blood and tears to achieve success. They won’t be doing this for you as their leader, they will be doing this for themselves.
 

So let me tell you what I believe and if you are similarly minded then that can be a powerful thing.
 

Let us start with an open ended question...
 

What in your opinion is the single biggest domestic concern, threat or enemy that BC Rangers should be prepared for?
 

You may have an answer that is very different to mine because your familiarity of the concerns in play may be very different to mine. But for me, one of the biggest things that I believe we need to pay attention to is the impending mega-thrust earthquake along the Juan de Fuca Plate with a focus on the Cascadia Subduction Zone off the coast of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Fault to the north.
 

Subduction Zone earthquakes are the largest earthquakes in the world, and can exceed magnitude 9.0. Earthquake size is proportional to fault area, and the Cascadia Subduction Zone is a very long sloping fault that stretches from Vancouver Island to Northern California. It separates the Juan de Fuca and North America plates. Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia Subduction Zone could produce a very large earthquake, magnitude 9.0 or greater if the rupture occurred over its whole area.
 

The following is from Wikipedia

Geologists suspect that Haiti’s destructive quake resulted from 250 years of seismic stress that has been building up between the North American and Caribbean tectonic plates. In fact, a group of U.S. geologists presented a study in the Dominican Republic (which shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti) in 2008 saying that the region was at impending risk of an earthquake potentially even bigger than a magnitude 7.0 quake. Part of their presentation is particularly chilling in light of what happened less than two years later: “This means that the level of built-up stress and energy in the earth could one day be released resulting in an earthquake measuring 7.2 or more on the Richter Scale. This would be an event of catastrophic proportions in a city [Port-au-Prince] with loose building codes, and an abundance of shanty-towns built in ravines and other undesirable locations.”
 

Earthquakes are still impossible to predict with precision; in the words of one of the geologists who predicted the Haiti quake, “It could have been the next day, it could have been 10 years, it could have been 100… This is not an exact science.” But researchers have identified a handful of seismic zones around the globe that are storing up especial amounts of stress and are particularly hazardous and we are next to one of them. U.S. scientists are now saying that there is a 10 to 15 per cent chance a mega-earthquake will strike along the coast of BC in the next 50 years. 50 years from now, that number will rise to 85 percent.
 

“Perhaps more striking than the probability numbers is that we can now say that we have already gone longer without an earthquake than 75 per cent of the known times between earthquakes in the last 10,000 years," Prof. Chris Goldfinger, marine geologist with the Oregon State University,
 

 

Questions:

1. What should the priority be?
2. What should we do to prepare at the Patrol level?
3. Should a mega thrust earthquake hit our community what would our role be?
4. What happens if the transport corridors collapse?
5. What happens if food and clean drinking water run out?
6. How do we organize if conventional communication devices (telephones / internet) are down?
7. How do we organize?
8. Electricity is expected to be down a long time – what are the repercussions?
9. Do we have a standing operating procedure to address these things?
10. What might our role look like should we be called to ‘Aid to Civil Power’

All great questions spark colourful dialogue and get us ready. It is our due diligence to use our imaginations and provide some basic tools for success.
 

 

On Feb 21st 2011 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake occured just off the coastline of Christchurch, NZ. Prayers to everyone down there.

WATER MANAGEMENT DISCIPLINE FOR RANGERS

WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE FIELD

Your canteen is empty, you’re miles from camp, it’s hot and you are perspiring, you’re thirsty and so are the other Rangers in your recce team. The only water you have been able to find is murky, dark and smells. You and your team need water. Heat exhaustion has become a concern and your fellow Rangers are showing signs of fatigue. What are you going to do?

During WW2 commonwealth soldiers took a terrible toll in the jungles of South East Asia. Many soldiers were lost to enemy action and many were avoidably lost to the jungle itself. Soldiers eventually learned the vital lessons of water management as one of the key tiers of maintaining an effective fighting force. Long term exposure to the jungle environment and infected water devastated morale and made simple physical tasks overwhelmingly difficult. Severe intestinal pain, nausea, fever and explosive diarrhoea killed soldiers every day because they were ingesting water heavily infected with protozoa.

Although British Columbia’s temperate rainforest is pale in comparison to the jungles of New Guinea and Burma we do have similar issues with water sources infected with water borne protozoa. Water management discipline must be observed when living off the land.

All creatures great and small require water to survive. However not all creatures have the same intestinal sensitivity that human beings do. There are numerous agents and protozoa that occupy water in BC – especially slow or still water features. Aside from the obvious filtering requirements to remove contaminants such as organic detritus and debris we must pay special attention to protozoa. Therefore I am dedicating this short article to managing Giardia and Cryptosporidium – two of British Columbia’s most common forms or waterborne protozoa.

Risk Assessment.

We might not know we’re doing it but we do a quick assessment as to the safe nature of the drinking water around us before we “Dip-in”. We perform a quick evaluation of the water feature and look for clues or indicators that will help us evaluate the palatability of the water before we drink it.

·         What is the clarity of the water;

·         Is there high animal (especially beaver) traffic in the area;

·         Highly oxygenated water (fast to moderate current) or Poorly oxygenated water (slow or still current);

·         Close to the edge of the lake (warm & shallow) or interior to the lake (cold & deep); 

·         Clean gravel bed or does the feature have fines, silt suspension, detritus and possibly water insect activity;

We evaluate all of these things before dipping our canteen into the water and rehydrating ourselves. When in doubt we must assume the water is not entirely healthy to drink and requires some rigour before we can safely ingest it.

What are waterborne protozoa?

·         Giardia and Cryptosporidium are microscopic, protozoan parasites that can be found in water contaminated with the feces of infected animals.

·         Giardia is often found in human, beaver, muskrat, and dog feces. In humans, Giardia causes an intestinal illness called giardiasis or "beaver fever". Cryptosporidium is responsible for a similar illness called cryptosporidiosis.

·         Giardia and Cryptosporidium parasites produce cysts that are very resistant to harsh environmental conditions. When ingested, they germinate, reproduce, and cause illness. After feeding, the parasites form new cysts, which are then passed in the feces. Studies have shown that ingestion of only a few cysts will cause illness in humans.

How many protozoa before I get sick?

·         It takes (on average) a total of 19 cysts in a glass of water to infect a human being. An infected glass of water can contain thousands of cysts and can still appear clear and free of contaminants or parasites to the human eye.

·         The risk of becoming infected depends on:

o   The number of viable cysts ingested (dose)

o   The virulence of the ingested cysts

o   The susceptibility of the host to a blooming infection

How long do I have before I feel the effects?

·         Once ingested  it normally takes between 6-16 days before the victim starts to feel ill. Cryptosporidium takes effect between 4-9 days as its life cycle is faster acting.

What will my symptoms be?

·         Depending on the dosage of protozoa and the strength of your immune system you will experience varying degrees of:

o   Nausea

o   Anorexia

o   Bloating

o   Discomfort in the upper intestine

o   Malaise

o   Fever & chills

o   Onset of sudden and explosive diarrhoea

o   Watery and foul smelling stools

o   Weight loss

o   Fatigue

o   Rotten egg burps that smell like hydrogen sulphide are typical

·         Immune compromised people (or young children) may be in distress for an average of 30 days. In these situations it is possible for the victim to die from the infection is improperly diagnosed or ignored for too long.

·         Healthy individuals will usually clear their symptoms in 10-15 days assuming they are no longer ingesting infected water.

·         Giardia and Cryptosporidium can be transmitted from person to person via. poor hygiene, food handling and sexual practices.

What is the treatment?

·         Anti-parasitic drugs are available but only through prescription from your physician however these have very limited effects. Anti-diarrheal drugs and re-hydration therapy may also be useful. If you are suffering from diarrhoea and suspect that your symptoms may be due to Giardia or Cryptosporidium, visit your physician and mention any exposure you may have had to water, food, or feces that may have been contaminated by the parasites.

·         The best treatment is education and knowing how no to get infected!

Avoidance

·         Giardia and Cryptosporidium are not killed by common chemical treatments such as iodine & chlorine (especially cryptosporidium).

·         Cryptosporidium is a parasite with cysts smaller than that of a red blood cell of 7 microns where-as Giardia have cysts of 10 or more microns.

·         Water filters can be effective by straining out protozoa but the filter must remove particles that are less than or equal to one micron in diameter to be safe.

·         Boiling water for more than one minute is the ONLY safe way on ingesting running surface wate.

In Closing

It is tough enough surviving in the bush when you are healthy. More often than not we take our health for granted and under appreciate it when we have it. I have been sick in bush camps situated in remote locations before and I can tell you with absolute certainly that you don’t want to be in that situation if you can avoid it. Please take water management discipline with you when you head out the bush for work or play. Teach it to others – educate the unaware. Accomplish the mission.